Cognitive impairment in heart failure: clinical implications, tools of assessment, and therapeutic considerations

Cognitive impairment (CI) is an important comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF). Its prevalence parallels the severity of heart failure, while it is an independent prognostic marker of adverse events. Various factors contribute to cognitive decline in HF, influencing self-care. There are no standardized screening methods for the diagnosis and management of these patients. The aim of the present manuscript is to provide an overview of...