Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates the oestrogen‐like activities of ginsenoside Rg1 in human breast cancer (MCF‐7) cells

Background and purpose: The present study was designed to determine how ginsenoside Rg1, an active ingredient in ginseng root, exerts its oestrogenic effects. We hypothesize that Rg1 may exert oestrogen‐like actions in MCF‐7 cells by activating the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in a ligand‐independent manner. Experimental approach: MCF‐7 cells were co‐incubated with the MAPK inhibitor PD98059 to determine whether the stimulant...