Psychological intervention

Mindfulness meditation

Mindfulness

Philosophy

Neuroscience

Mind-wandering

Social psychology

Default mode network

Cognition

Psychiatry

Developmental psychology

Openness to experience

Systematic review

Psychology

Political science

Psychotherapist

Meditation

MEDLINE

Intervention (counseling)

Clinical psychology

Theology

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

Through the practice of Mindfulness Meditation (MM), meditators become familiar with the observation of ongoing spontaneous thoughts, while maintaining an attitude of openness and equanimity. The aim of this systematic review is to present a synthesis of available findings of the short and long-term effects of MM on mind wandering (MW). We included studies that considered both first-person and behavioral/physiological measures of MW. The search resulted in 2035 papers, 24 of which were eligible. Reviewed studies revealed a high heterogeneity in designs, outcome measures and interventions. Most of the pre-post intervention studies showed that a protracted practice of MM (at least 2 weeks) reduced MW, limiting its negative effects on different cognitive tasks. Cross-sectional studies highlighted differences between expert meditators and naïve individuals: meditators self-reported less MW and showed decreased Default Mode Network activity, during meditation and resting-state. Further studies are needed to replicate available findings and to more deeply explore how MW is influenced by meditation, also considering its qualitative characteristics that remain largely unexplored.

The Impact of Mindfulness Meditation on the Wandering Mind: a Systematic Review