Hypoxia and its Modification in Bladder Cancer: Current and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Radiotherapy plays an essential role in the curative treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Hypoxia affects the response to MIBC radiotherapy, limiting radiocurability. Likewise, hypoxia influences MIBC genetic instability and malignant progression being associated with metastatic disease and a worse prognosis. Hypoxia identification in MIBC enables treatment stratification and the promise of improved survival. The...