To Add or Not to Add Game Elements? Exploring the Effects of Different Cognitive Task Designs Using Eye Tracking

Research on instructional design provides inconsistent results on the use of game elements in cognitive tasks or learning. Cognitive load theory suggests that game elements increase extraneous cognitive load and, thus, may distract the users. In contrast, from an emotional design perspective, the use of game elements is argued to increase performance by providing a more interesting and motivating task environment. To contribute to this debate,...