PD‐L1 expression and infiltration by CD4⁺and FoxP3⁺T cells are increased in Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma and indicate poor prognosis

Aims Interaction between programmed death‐1 ligand (PD‐L1) and its receptor programmed death 1 (PD‐1) on T cells inactivates antitumour immune responses. PD‐L1 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and predicts adverse outcome. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of PD‐L1 expression and the immune microenvironment on the clinical outcome in Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma (TRCC) and,...