Stimulation of ATF3 interaction with Smad4 via TGF-β1 for matrix metalloproteinase 13 gene activation in human breast cancer cells

We previously reported that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulated the sustained and prolonged expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in highly metastatic and invasive human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231), in contrast to normal human mammary epithelial cells. However, the mechanism behind the stability of ATF3 expression is not yet known. Based on an in silico approach with co-immunoprecipitation and mass...