Reference Ranges of Blood Flow in the Major Vessels of the Normal Human Fetal Circulation at Term by Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background— Phase-contrast MRI with metric-optimized gating is a promising new technique for studying the distribution of the fetal circulation. However, mean and reference ranges for blood flow measurements made in the major fetal vessels using this technique are yet to be established. Methods and Results— We measured flow in the major vessels of the fetal circulation in 40 late-gestation normal human fetuses using phase-contrast MRI (mean...