The first tannin-based carbon xerogel microspheres were prepared and characterised. The materials were synthesised by inverse emulsion polymerisation in sunflower oil, based on the same formulation but using two main independent variables: stirring speed and surfactant amount. The resultant sol–gel spheres were then washed, dried in air, and pyrolysed. The effect of stirring speed and surfactant amount on carbon microsphere size distribution and porous texture was investigated in detail. Depending on the cases, ultramicroporous carbon microspheres with extremely narrow pore size distributions centred at 0.4–0.5 nm, zero mesoporosity, negligible macroporosity and median diameters close to 40 μm, could be obtained. These characteristics are typical of expensive commercial carbon molecular sieves, whereas the present materials were prepared with cheap and renewable precursors using a very simple method.
The background from the radon decay chain is the strongest constraint for many experiments working at low energy and very low counting rate. A facility for studying the optimum radon capture by very selective porous materials was developed at CPPM in the context of the SuperNEM O project. In collaboration with Institut Jean Lamour, studies were carried out for better understanding radon adsorption in carbon adsorbents.
#2Jieshan Qiu(DUT: Dalian University of Technology)H-Index: 107
Last. Quangui Guo(CAS: Chinese Academy of Sciences)H-Index: 31
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Abstract Carbon foams are reviewed by focusing on their preparation and application. Their preparation processes are discussed by classifying them into five categories: blowing and carbonization, template carbonization, compression of exfoliated graphite, assembly of graphene nanosheets and others. Through these processes, density of the foam, sizes of cells and windows, as well as physical properties, are successfully controlled. Carbon foams are expected to give certain contributions to modern...
#2Jean-Noël Rouzaud(CNRS: Centre national de la recherche scientifique)H-Index: 66
Last. Stanisław Duber(University of Silesia in Katowice)H-Index: 15
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe carbonisation and partial graphitization of carbon blacks (CB). Raman spectrometry is used to investigate a series of five CB grades during heat treatment (up to 2600 °C). Obtained results are discussed by comparing Raman data with X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations. For Raman spectra interpretation, the usual curve fitting method proposed by Sadezky et al. for soot and disordered carbonaceous ...
Abstract A new carbon molecular sieve (CMS) with a propylene/propane separation factor of approximately 27 was synthesized by a facile pyrolysis process from a gel-type strong acid cation exchange resin. The micropore shrinkage process during pyrolysis was investigated using a new high throughput adsorption technique with 48 parallel cells. This significantly reduced the characterization time. The ratio of propylene/propane adsorption rate in the CMS adsorbent changes from 1 to more than 150 whe...
Abstract A set of CMS adsorbents was synthesized by pyrolyzing gel-type cation exchange resins (IERs) based on sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene). Fifteen different materials were synthesized following a design of experiments (DOE) that included variations on four factors. These factors were divinylbenzene (DVB) content, plus three factors associated with pyrolysis (peak temperature, hold time, and temperature ramp rate). Results revealed that the peak temperature has a significant impac...
Last. Alain Celzard(University of Lorraine)H-Index: 64
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Abstract Carbon xerogels were prepared by soft templating of tannin-formaldehyde resin as the precursor and F-127 Pluronic® used as both surfactant and templating agent. The influence of preparation pH and amount of Pluronic was systematically investigated, and the resultant porous structures were analysed by mercury porosimetry, helium and envelope pycnometry, and nitrogen adsorption. We show how highly controlled structures can be obtained, presenting bimodal character – either macro-microporo...
Last. Mark J. MacLachlan(UBC: University of British Columbia)H-Index: 70
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Carbon-based structures are the most versatile materials used in the modern field of renewable energy (i.e., in both generation and storage) and environmental science (e.g., purification/remediation). However, there is a need and indeed a desire to develop increasingly more sustainable variants of classical carbon materials (e.g., activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels, etc.), particularly when the whole life cycle is considered (i.e., from precursor “cradle” to “green” manufacturi...
Last. Hai-Ting Lu(Xinyang Normal University)H-Index: 7
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Abstract The polysaccharide carrageenan is used as a natural precursor to prepare micro-mesoporous carbon spheres. The carbon spheres were synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization of carrageenan, and subsequent chemical activation by KOH at different temperatures. The obtained micro-mesoporous carbon spheres have high surface area (up to 2502 m 2 g −1 ) and large pore volume (up to 1.43 cm 3 g −1 ). Moreover, the micro- and mesoporosity can be finely tuned be modifying the activation temperatur...
#1Sylwia Ronka(Wrocław University of Technology)H-Index: 6
Abstract Phosphorus-containing carbon adsorbents have been prepared by the carbonization and CO 2 activation of two sets of submicroporous phosphorylated styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers in various (H + , Cs + , Cu 2+ , Co 2+ and Fe 3+ ) ionic forms. These copolymers have been synthesized in the form of beads, using the suspension polymerization technique. The polymerization was carried out in the presence of heptane and toluene in order to obtain porous material and polymers were subsequently ...
Abstract null null The ethyl levulinate is one of promising platform chemical from biomass and commonly involved the esterification reaction of levulinic acid. The reactions are extensively focussed on the catalytic performance by various catalysts and presented limited work on the kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism study for heterogeneous catalyst reaction. To fill this gap, the reaction analysis over a new ionic liquid-furfural carbon catalyst has been investigated in this work. The mathemat...
Abstract This paper reports the development of a new carbon xerogel/zinc oxide/tin oxide ternary photocatalyst and its application for the enhancement of photocatalytic response through the formation of heterojunctions composed of different phases. The results obtained from X-ray diffractometry showed that all the materials exhibited the hexagonal structure of zinc oxide. The application of infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses ...
This contribution reports the use of an organic gel, xerogel, as catalyst support for Cu. The xerogel was synthesized from the system tannin-formaldehyde at pH 3, using F-127 Pluronic as surfactant. The surface area values were higher than 900 m2/g even after the Cu (10%, wt) impregnation. The morphological analysis by SEM-FEG revealed the presence of spheres arranged in a tridimensional structure. XRD diffractograms showed the presence of CuO and Cu2O crystalline phases combined with the amorph...
#7Juan Matos(Autonomous University of Chile)H-Index: 26
Abstract null null Biochar derived from the pyrolysis of pine tannin is a green and available by-product of oil manufacturing that presents interesting features after having been activated by KOH at 650 °C. Different weight ratios of KOH to biochar were used and the resulting activated carbons (ACs) presented highly developed specific surface areas of up to 2190 m2 g-1, well-connected porosity and high oxygen content, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance when used as electrochemical c...
Abstract The gelation of a low value-added industrial waste, phenolic oil (PO), was successfully carried out for the first time in the presence of an acid catalyst and paraformaldehyde (PF), which is a by-product of the formaldehyde industry. Therefore, the use of PO and PF can be considered a win-win situation and as an attempt to valorise these ‘wastes’ and integrate them into a circular economy. A broad range of formulations has been explored, and the optimal preparation conditions in terms o...
Abstract Tannins are polyphenolic molecules of great industrial interest, not only for themselves but also as bio-based precursors for multiple carbonaceous materials with extremely diverse structures, textures and potential applications. In recent years, extensive work has been devoted to these new, predominantly porous carbons, and to their properties. It was therefore time to collect the main results in this invited review, whose objective is to show how a single, inexpensive, non-toxic and c...
Supercapacitors (SCs) are energy storage devices that bridge the gap between batteries and conventional capacitors. They can store more energy than capacitors and supply it at higher power outputs than batteries. These features, combined with high cyclability and long-term stability, make SCs attractive devices for energy storage. SCs are already present in many applications, either in combination with other energy storage devices (mainly batteries), or as autonomous energy sources. Porous carbo...
This paper evaluates the influence of synthesis route (acidic or alkaline) on the structure, morphology, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO/Carbon xerogel composites. Structurally, both classes of materials present the wurtzite phase of zinc oxide. Composites derived from acidic route displayed facile thermal degradation of the zinc oxalate precursor when compared with pure zinc oxalate. Morphology-wise, materials produced through alkaline route are composed of nodular and plate-like particles...
Last. Antonio Pizzi(University of Lorraine)H-Index: 79
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Tannins are one of the most natural, non-toxic, and highly reactive aromatic biomolecules classified as polyphenols. The reactive phenolic compounds present in their chemical structure can be an alternative precursor for the preparation of several polymeric materials for applications in distinct industries: adhesives and coatings, leather tanning, wood protection, wine manufacture, animal feed industries, and recently also in the production of new porous materials (i.e., foams and gels). Among t...
