Lumbar sympathectomy techniques for critical lower limb ischaemia due to non-reconstructable peripheral arterial disease

Background Critical lower limb ischaemia (CLI) is a manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) that is seen in patients with typical chronic ischaemic rest pain or patients with ischaemic skin lesions ‐ ulcers or gangrene ‐ for longer than 2 weeks. Critical lower limb ischaemia is the most severe form of PAD, and interventions to improve arterial perfusion become necessary. Although surgical bypass has been the gold standard for...