Clinical oncology for pancreatic and biliary cancers: Advances and current limitations

In the early 2000s, the main stream of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) changed from a mechanical scanning method to electronic radial or linear scanning methods. Subsequently, useful applications in trans-abdominal ultrasonography came within reach of EUS. In particular, contrast-enhanced EUS (CE-EUS) and EUS-elastography became cutting-edge diagnostic modalities for pancreatic disorders. Each type of pancreatic disorder has characteristic...