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Advances in medications and tools to monitor blood sugar are helping persons with diabetes greatly improve control of their blood sugar levels, excess weight, high blood pressure, and quality of life. This American Association of Clinical Endocrinology guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of persons with prediabetes and diabetes and its prevention. Care of persons with prediabetes and diabetes includes change in lifestyle with a focus on sleep, healthy eating, and exercise. Reaching goals for blood sugar, blood pressure, fats like cholesterol, and weight can prevent harm from diabetes to eyes, kidneys, heart, and nervous system. Many newer, safer drugs control blood sugar and reduce risk of heart and kidney disease. Some drugs also lower cholesterol and weight. Ways to check blood sugar levels with fingersticks or sensors placed under the skin (continuous glucose monitors) have improved, making it easier and safer for persons with diabetes to avoid both low and high blood sugars. A team approach helps people best manage diabetes. The individual with diabetes is the center of the team and should help make decisions together with their doctors. In addition to doctors, the team may include educators, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, foot doctors, psychologists, and other specialists. This guideline addresses other topics of interest to those living with or at risk for diabetes such as health care visits by computer or phone, access to care, management of diabetes at work, sleep disorders, depression, infertility, risk of cancer, safety of nutritional supplements, and benefits of vaccines. Also included are specific care and treatment needs of pregnant women and those who are hospitalized. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology hopes that this guideline will improve the management of diabetes and benefit all who live with prediabetes or diabetes and their caregivers.

American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan—2022 Update