Business

Biotechnology

Enzyme

Animal feed

Pulp and paper industry

Biology

Engineering

Cellulase

Commercial fish feed

Amylase

Raw material

Biochemical engineering

Chemistry

Ecology

Fish meal

Digestive enzyme

Fishery

Fish <Actinopterygii>

Food science

Biochemistry

Aquaculture

Marine Life Science & Technology

Modern aquaculture must be sustainable in terms of energy consumption, raw materials used, and environmental impact, so alternatives are needed to replace fish feed with other raw materials. Enzyme use in the agri-food industry is based on their efficiency, safety, and protection of the environment, which aligns with the requirements of a resource-saving production system. Enzyme supplementation in fish feed can improve digestibility and absorption of both plant- and animal-derived ingredients, increasing the growth parameters of aquacultural animals. Herein we summarized the recent literature that reported the use of digestive enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and non-digestive enzymes (phytases, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) in fish feed. In addition, we analyzed how critical steps of the pelleting process, including microencapsulation and immobilization, can interfere with enzyme activity in the final fish feed product.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z.

Application of enzymes as a feed additive in aquaculture