Estimation of the degree of surgical difficulty anticipated for pancreatoduodenectomy: Preoperative and intraoperative factors

Background Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is a technically complex procedure. Preoperative anticipation of the degree of difficulty could contribute to patient safety during trainee surgical education. Methods We prospectively administered a questionnaire to the chief surgeon after each PD performed between 2016 and 2018 at our institution (99 consecutive patients). The surgeon rated the difficulty of the procedure; we then analyzed this information...