Restoring immunological tolerance in established experimental arthritis by combinatorial citrullinated peptides and immunomodulatory signals

Promoted tolerance is a coveted therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as current immunosuppressive treatments are not disease-specific, primarily targeting the inflammatory response and exerting debilitating side effects. The cellular and antigenic complexity of RA challenges the design of nanoparticle-based tolerogenic strategies to selectively and comprehensively ameliorate joint destruction and restore immune tolerance in RA....