Multi-objective optimization for lightweight design of bi-directional functionally graded beams for maximum frequency and buckling load

This paper proposes a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm integrated with a semi-analytical solution to solve optimization problems of lightweight design of bi-directional functionally graded (BDFG) beams for maximum fundamental frequency and/or maximum critical buckling load. The MOPSO algorithm is utilized to search for Pareto-optimal solutions that present the best trade-off optimal material distributions to achieve...