Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody suppressed hyper-permeability and cytokine production in human pulmonary endothelial cells infected with influenza A virus

High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) has been reported to be involved in influenza A virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We studied the efficacy of an anti-HMGB1 mAb using an in vitro model of TNF-α stimulation or influenza A virus infection in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs).Vascular permeability of HMVECs was quantified using the Boyden chamber assay under tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation...