Cartilaginous spheroid-assembly design considerations for endochondral ossification: towards robotic-driven biomanufacturing

Spheroids have become essential building blocks for biofabrication of functional tissues. Spheroid formats allow high cell-densities to be efficiently engineered into tissue structures closely resembling the native tissues. In this work, we explore the assembly capacity of cartilaginous spheroids ( d ∼ 150 µ m) in the context of endochondral bone formation. The fusion capacity of spheroids at various degrees of differentiation was investigated...