Silenced by Incivility: People, Especially Women, Voice Less in Uncivil Groups

Researchers have discovered inconsistent relationships between voice and gender. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of voice climate and backlash anticipation, we propose that uncivil social interactions between workgroup members can affect decisions to voice, and that they do so differently for men and women. In two immersive online experiments with over 2,000 participants, we find that those assigned to participate in uncivil versus civil...