Genetic evidence for the causal association between programmed death-ligand 1 and lung cancer

PD-1/PD-L1 might have a causal role in operating lung cancer risk. However, such an association has not been investigated in the general population. We assessed whether PD-L1 has an independent effect on lung cancer risk using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) based on a proteomic genome-wide association study (3301 health participants) of European ancestry and the International Lung cancer Consortium (11,348 cases and 15,861 controls)....