Cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing between different stages of pre‐dialysis chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The burden of several cardiovascular risk factors increases in parallel to renal function decline. Exercise intolerance is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and has been associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. Whether indices of cardiorespiratory capacity deteriorate with advancing CKD stages is unknown.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing cardiorespiratory capacity in adult...