Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene: pathogenesis and treatment implications in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors ( FGFRs ) has been implicated in several human malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma. In urothelial carcinoma, the oncogenic role of mutated FGFR is mediated by the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, resembling the effects observed with activated HRAS . Activating somatic mutations of FGFR3 are clustered in three hotspots in exons 7, 10 and 15, and are almost always missense...