The pathways related to glutamine metabolism, glutamine inhibitors and their implication for improving the efficiency of chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous cancer with multiple subtypes affecting women worldwide. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a prominent subtype of BC with poor prognosis and an aggressive phenotype. Recent understanding of metabolic reprogramming supports its role in the growth of cancer cells and their adaptation to their microenvironment. The Warburg effect is characterized by the shift from oxidative to reductive metabolism and...