Antitumor activity of tipifarnib and PI3K pathway inhibitors in HRAS-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

HRAS is an important driver oncogene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and other squamous cell carcinomas. HRAS mutations are found in 4–10% of HNSCC cases and appear to represent a unique subset associated with low TP53 mutation rates, co-mutated caspase 8 and a characteristic methylation pattern. RAS proteins undergo several posttranslational modifications that facilitate their attachment to membranes, including the addition of...