Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Acute Kidney Injury Induced After Intravitreal Injection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors VEGF Blockade-Related TMA After Intravitreal Use

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) inhibition can cause worsening hypertension, proteinuria, chronic kidney injury, as well as glomerular disease. Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) and other nephrotic disorders have been reported with systemic VEGF blockade. These same agents are given intravitreally for age related macular degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), albeit at lower doses than those given for systemic indications....