Euphorbia polygonifolia extract assisted biosynthesis of Fe₃O₄@CuO nanoparticles: Applications in the removal of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and cephalexin antibiotics from aqueous solutions under UV irradiation

In this study, a new, economical and green method was reported for synthesizing Fe 3 O 4 @CuO nanoparticles without adding any surfactants using Euphorbia polygonifolia extract as a renewable, mild and safe reducing agent and effective stabilizer. The green synthesized NPs were analyzed by various methods such as XRD, FESEM, FT‐IR, EDS, VSM, UV–visible, DRS, BET and TGA‐DTA. Based on the BET analysis, the Fe 3 O 4 @CuO NP had a surface area of...