Molecular engineering of anti-PD-L1 peptide and photosensitizer for immune checkpoint blockade photodynamic-immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) strategy based on suppressing programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway has been proved to be promising and effective in cancer immunotherapy. However, its potential risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) places stringent requirements on the precise loading of anti-PD-L1 agent in nanomedicine. Precise control of the loading content of anti-PD-L1 antibody is a difficult task since...