Treatment-resistant depression: Neurobiological correlates and the effect of sleep deprivation with sleep phase advance for the augmentation of pharmacotherapy

Objectives To assess the neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and factors connected with improvement after total sleep deprivation (TSD) with sleep phase advance (SPA), for the augmentation of pharmacotherapy.Methods The study comprised 43 patients with TRD, (15 male, 28 female), aged 48 ± 13 years, with the illness duration 12 ± 9 years, and the depressive episode 8 ± 7 months. TRD was defined as a lack of significant...