Additive Manufacturing Methods for Producing Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite-Based Composite Scaffolds: A Review

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been considered for decades an ideal biomaterial for bone repair due to its compositional and crystallographic similarity to bio-apatites in hard tissues. However, fabrication of porous HAp acting as a template (scaffold) for supporting bone regeneration and growth has been a challenge to biomaterials scientists. The introduction of additive manufacturing technologies, which provide the advantages of a relatively fast,...