Vampire Bats that Cooperate in the Lab Maintain Their Social Networks in the Wild

Social bonds, maintained by mutual investments of time and energy, have greatly influenced the evolution of social cognition and cooperation in many species [e.g., 1-8]. However, there are two pitfalls regarding "social bonds" as an explanation for social structure and cooperation [1, 9-11]. First, studies often incorrectly assume that frequent association implies partner fidelity based on mutual social preference, but even seemingly complex...