Determining Qibla Direction using al-Biruni's First Method from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin with The Implementation Based on Board Arduino MCU, GPS Module, and Digital Compass

Qibla is the direction to faces Kaaba (Mecca) when performing various worship of Muslims, especially in Sholat. Because of the Qibla direction is very important, Muslims scientists develop a various mathematical method for determining Qibla direction in a Location which far away from Kaaba. This paper describes the mathematical algorithm for determining Qibla direction using al-Biruni‘s (973 – 1050 CE) first method from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat...