Chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis — seeing what was always there

Activation of innate immune cells and other compartmentalized inflammatory cells in the brains and spinal cords of people with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and progressive MS has been well described histopathologically. However, conventional clinical MRI is largely insensitive to this inflammatory activity. The past two decades have seen the introduction of quantitative dynamic MRI scanning with contrast agents that are sensitive...