Formation and surface-stabilizing contributions to bare nanoemulsions created with negligible surface charge

The stabilization of nanoemulsions, nanosized oil droplets dispersed in water, is commonly achieved through the addition of surfactants and polymers. However, nanoemulsions in the absence of emulsifiers have been observed to acquire a significant negative charge at their surface, which ultimately contributes to their stability. While the source of this negative charge is disputed to this day, its presence is taken as an inherent property of the...