IL‐35 ameliorates collagen‐induced arthritis by promoting TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts and stimulating M2 macrophages polarization

Synovitis, the chronic inflammation of the synovial membranes, is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic disease with profound impact on human health. Recently, interleukin‐35 ( IL ‐35), a new member of the IL ‐12 family, was identified as an anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine and was shown to ameliorate collagen‐induced arthritis ( CIA ) in mice. However, the mechanism by which IL ‐35 alleviates CIA remains unknown. In this...