Effect of spacer geometry on membrane and solution compartment resistances in reverse electrodialysis

Salinity gradient between two solutions can be transformed to an electrical power by reverse electrodialysis (RED) process which comprises of alternatively cation exchange membrane (CEM), dilute solution, anion exchange membrane (AEM) and concentrate solution. Although spacers are generally equipped between the membranes to keep their intermediate distance, the presence of them also have a significant effect on RED stack resistance, often called...