Operando Raman Spectroscopy and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction of Lithiation/Delithiation in Silicon Nanoparticle Anodes

Operando Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction were combined to probe the evolution of strain in Li-ion battery anodes made of crystalline silicon nanoparticles. The internal structure of the nanoparticles during two discharge/charge cycles was evaluated by analyzing the intensity and position of Si diffraction peaks and Raman TO-LO phonons. Lithiation/delithiation of the silicon under limited capacity conditions triggers the...