Grader Variability and the Importance of Reference Standards for Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose Use adjudication to quantify errors in diabetic retinopathy (DR) grading based on individual graders and majority decision, and to train an improved automated algorithm for DR grading. Design Retrospective analysis. Participants Retinal fundus images from DR screening programs. Methods Images were each graded by the algorithm, U.S. board-certified ophthalmologists, and retinal specialists. The adjudicated consensus of the retinal...