expenditure

postpartum

anterior segment

visceral

reductive amination

pregnancy_120975

lewis

fasd

pregnancy_125490

adversity

prenatal stress

nurses_67848

prenatal maternal

maternal_66234

epds

symptoms_66235

breakage_72496

proofs

provided please use_91846

radiation absorption

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the number one cause of disability worldwide and is comorbid with many chronic diseases, including obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS). Women have twice as much risk for MDD and comorbidity with obesity/MetS as men, although pathways for understanding this association remain unclear. On the basis of clinical and preclinical studies, we argue that prenatal maternal stress (ie, excess glucocorticoid expression and associated immune responses) that occurs during the sexual differentiation of the fetal brain has sex-dependent effects on brain development within highly sexually dimorphic regions that regulate mood, stress, metabolic function, the autonomic nervous system, and the vasculature. Furthermore, these effects have lifelong consequences for shared sex-dependent risk of MDD and obesity/MetS. Thus, we propose that there are shared biologic substrates at the anatomical, molecular, and/or genetic levels that produce the comorbid risk for MDD-MetS through sex-dependent fetal origins.

Prenatal stress-immune programming of sex differences in comorbidity of depression and obesity/metabolic syndrome