Postradiation-associated sclerosing mediastinitis diagnosed in fine needle aspiration specimen: A cytological–pathological correlation

Abstract Sclerosing mediastinitis (SM) is an aggressive fibroproliferative process in the mediastinum that may lead to encasement of mediastinal structures within a dense fibrotic mass. This disease may cause significant clinical complications, morbidity, and even mortality. The etiology and pathogenesis of SM is unclear and in more than one third of cases remains idiopathic. Among the known causes of SM, granulomatous infection is the commonest. Association of SM with radiation therapy has been rarely reported. Herein, we are reporting a case of postradiation sclerosing mediastinitis diagnosed in fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimen. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of postradiation sclerosing mediastinitis with unusual striking intracytoplasmic glycogen accumulation. Having high index of suspicion and awareness of the fact that this entity may be also associated with radiation therapy, will be helpful in avoiding diagnostic pitfalls in FNA specimens and guiding proper clinical management.