Engineering

Cigarette smoke

Tobacco smoke

Cognition

Psychiatry

Neurodegeneration

Cause of death

Anxiety

Environmental health

Mechanical engineering

Neurocognitive

Stroke (engine)

Oxidative stress

Internal medicine

Medicine

Disease

Pathology

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

Cigarette smoking is known to be harmful to health, and is considered the main cause of death worldwide, especially in India. Among the well-distinguished diseases related to smoking are, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral and peripheral cancers, and cardiovascular complications. However, the impact of cigarette smoking on neurocognitive and neuropathological effects, including anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, still remains unclear. Cigarette smoke consists of more than 4500 toxic chemicals that combine to form free radicals, which lead to oxidative stress-associated neurological disorders. Herein, we discuss the role of antioxidant agents in delaying or attenuating disease complications. In addition, in this review, we discuss the neuropathological effect of cigarette smoke and its interference in neurodegeneration.

Cigarette smoke and related risk factors in neurological disorders: An update