Stepwise deterministic and stochastic calibration of an energy simulation model for an existing building

Building simulation tools have been widely used for performance assessment. However, many studies [1] have reported that a performance gap exists between the reality and simulation output, mainly caused by unknown simulation inputs. Therefore, model calibration needs to be introduced. Calibration attempts can fail for the following reasons: coarse initial simulation model, long sampling time, uncertainty in the model, and sensor errors. The aim...