Gene

Intensive care medicine

Biology

Identification (biology)

Pathogen

Antibiotic Stewardship

Bacteremia

Biochemistry

Botany

Antibiotic resistance

Antimicrobial stewardship

Immunology

Blood culture

Clinical microbiology

Antibiotics

Microbiology

Bloodstream infection

Medicine

Polymerase chain reaction

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Technologies for rapid microbial identification are poised to revolutionize clinical microbiology and enable informed decision making for patients with life-threatening bloodstream infections. Species identification of microorganisms in positive blood cultures can be performed in minutes using commercial fluorescence in situ hybridization tests or mass spectroscopy. Microorganisms in positive blood cultures can also be identified within 1–2.5 hours using automated polymerase chain reaction–based systems that can also detect selected antibiotic resistance markers, such as methicillin resistance. When combined with antibiotic stewardship programs, these approaches improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare expenditures. Tests for direct detection in whole blood samples are highly desirable because of their potential to identify bloodstream pathogens without waiting 1-2 days for blood cultures to become positive. However, results for pathogen detection in whole blood do not overlap with those of conventional blood culture techniques and we are still learning how best to use these approaches.

Emerging Technologies for Rapid Identification of Bloodstream Pathogens