Relation of Symptomatic Heart Failure and Psychological Status to Persistent Depression in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Studies on psychological morbidity in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) have focused on mean differences rather than intraindividual differences. Such an approach masks the chronicity of symptoms in individual patients and the potential differences in cardiac outcomes. We examined the prevalence and correlates of persistent depression using an intraindividual approach. Consecutive patients who had undergone ICD...