Background Strabismus is a common disorder of largely unknown cause reported to occur more frequently in children with neurodevelopmental conditions and in children born prematurely or of low birth weight. Population-based investigation of other potential early-life influences has been limited. Objective To investigate the prevalence of and the early-life risk factors associated with childhood strabismus. Design Cross-sectional analytical study of a nationally representative sample of children participating in the Millennium Cohort Study. Setting United Kingdom. Participants A population-based sample of 14 980 children aged 3 years. Main Outcome Measures Parental report of “isolated” strabismus and “neurodevelopmental” strabismus (ie, in the context of neurologic disorders), considered separately. Results Three hundred forty-three children had strabismus (of whom 20 [5.8%] had neurodevelopmental/neurologic disorders), giving a total weighted prevalence of 2.1% (95% confidence interval, 1.8%-2.4%). In multivariable analysis, the risk of isolated strabismus was reduced in children of nonwhite maternal ethnicity and was increased in those born after an assisted or cesarean delivery and in those who were of low birth weight and preterm (in particular, late preterm). An increased risk of neurodevelopmental strabismus was independently associated with maternal smoking into later pregnancy, maternal illnesses in pregnancy, and decreasing birth weight for gestational age and sex. Socioeconomic status was associated with isolated (inverse relationship) and neurodevelopmental (U-shaped relationship) strabismus. Conclusions Several early-life social and biological factors are associated with strabismus, with differences in patterns between isolated and neurodevelopmental forms. Further collaborative research could explore this hypothesis to identify modifiable risk factors.
Last. Jeffrey Roth(UF: University of Florida)H-Index: 26
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OBJECTIVE.Late preterm infants represent a significant portion of preterm deliveries. Until recently, these infants have received little attention because of assumptions that they carry minimal risk for long-term morbidities. The purpose of this study was to compare prekindergarten and kindergarten outcomes among healthy late preterm infants, 34 0 ⁄7 to 36 6 ⁄7 weeks’ gestation at birth, and healthy term infants, 37 0 ⁄7 to 41 6 ⁄7 weeks’ gestation at birth. METHODS.The study sample consisted of...
Several reports from the United Kingdom have described a decrease in the incidence of strabismus or strabismus surgery in recent years.1–4 Explanations for this decline have included the implementation of childhood vision screening programs and the more frequent correction of the full hyperopic refractive error. These reports generally include all forms of esotropia or strabismus without emphasis on a particular subtype. Of these studies, only one is population based,1 while the other 3 are revi...
Objective To assess the risks of moderate prematurity for cerebral palsy (CP), developmental delay/mental retardation (DD/MR), and seizure disorders in early childhood. Study design Retrospective cohort study using hospitalization and outpatient databases from the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Data covered 141 321 children ≥30 weeks born between Jan 1, 2000, and June 30, 2004, with follow-up through Jun 30, 2005. Presence of CP, DD/MR, and seizures was based on Inte...
Objective: To estimate the distribution and predictors of some common visual problems (strabismus, amblyopia, hypermetropia) within a population-based cohort of children at the age of 7 years. Methods: Children participating in a birth cohort study were examined by orthoptists who carried out cover/uncover, alternate cover, visual acuity and non-cycloplegic refraction tests. Prospectively collected data on potential risk factors were available from the study. Results: Data were available for 782...
Late-preterm infants, defined by birth at 340⁄7 through 366⁄7 weeks’ gestation, are less physiologically and metabolically mature than term infants. Thus, they are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality than term infants. The purpose of this report is to define “late preterm,” recommend a change in terminology from “near term” to “late preterm,” present the characteristics of late-preterm infants that predispose them to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than term infants, and propose g...
Children with Down syndrome have a high prevalence of ocular disorders. The UK Down's Syndrome Medical Interest Group (DSMIG) guidelines for ophthalmic screening were locally implemented into a protocol that included neonatal eye examination by an ophthalmologist and a comprehensive ophthalmological examination (cycloplegic refraction, ophthalmoscopy, and orthoptic assessment) by at least the age of 3 years, followed by preschool follow-up as indicated. We audited retrospectively surveillance fo...
In 2003, 12.3% of births in the United States were preterm (<37 completed weeks of gestation). This represents a 31% increase in the preterm birth rate since 1981. The largest contribution to this increase was from births between 34 and 36 completed weeks of gestation (often called the "near term" but referred to as "late preterm" in this article). Compared with term infants, late-preterm infants have higher frequencies of respiratory distress, temperature instability, hypoglycemia, kernicterus,...
Last. Paul Mitchell(Millennium Institute)H-Index: 163
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Purpose To describe strabismus prevalence and associated factors in a representative sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Participants One thousand seven hundred thirty-nine predominantly 6-year-old children resident in Sydney examined in 2003 and 2004. Methods Cover testing was performed at near and distance fixation, and with spectacles if worn. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was measured in both eyes before and af...
Purpose of reviewCerebral palsy is the most common and visible motor disability of childhood. Its aetiology remains a topic of hot debate between those who see it as a reflection of medical mismanagement of an avoidable complication and those who see its origins in the development of the fetal brain
#1Tao Shen(SYSU: Sun Yat-sen University)H-Index: 5
#2Xuan Qiu(SYSU: Sun Yat-sen University)H-Index: 1
Last. Qingjiong Zhang(SYSU: Sun Yat-sen University)H-Index: 34
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Purpose null We aimed to reveal the underlying genetic defect in a multigenerational Chinese family with autosomal dominant concomitant strabismus complicated by multiple ocular developmental abnormalities. null Methods null Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed in 14 patients and 24 healthy family members. Whole exome sequencing was performed, and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the probable mutation in all the family members. null Results null Concomitant strabismus was th...
#1Ismail Mayet(University of the Witwatersrand)H-Index: 4
#1I. Mayet(University of the Witwatersrand)H-Index: 1
Last. S. Williams(University of the Witwatersrand)
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PURPOSE To compare botulinum neurotoxin (BNT) injections to surgery as first-line therapy in large-angle essential infantile esotropia (IE). PATIENTS AND METHODS Children between the ages 6 months and 6 years with IE of ≥40 prism dioptres (PD) were randomised to either a maximum of three BNT injections or surgical intervention of bimedial rectus muscle recession for angles ≤60 PD and augmented with BNT injection in angles >60 PD. Time taken for each procedure was documented. Orthophoria or misal...
Last. Susan Williams(University of the Witwatersrand)H-Index: 12
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Objective null To compare the cost implications of botulinum neurotoxin (BNT) injection to surgery in infantile esotropia (IE) in a public/government funded hospital. null Methods and analysis null A simple costing comparison was undertaken for a randomised clinical trial in IE. Patients were randomised to receive either BNT or standard surgery. The participants in the BNT arm were further subdivided into subgroups based on their age in months and degree of esotropia in prism dioptres (PD) at pr...
ObjectiveTo assess the strabismus prevalence and associated factors among children aged ≤15 years.MethodsThis hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to October 2017 in t...
Last. Hu Liu(Nanjing Medical University)H-Index: 13
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Aims To evaluate the prevalence, incidence and their related risk factors of strabismus among preschool children in China. Methods Children born between September 2011 and August 2012 in Yuhuatai District of Nanjing were invited to participate in the Nanjing Eye Study for a comprehensive eye examination annually since 2015. The data presented in this paper were obtained from 2015 to 2017, when these children grew from the age of 3 to 5 years. Eye examinations included visual acuity, anterior seg...
Last. Jugnoo S Rahi(UCL: University College London)H-Index: 52
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BACKGROUND Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental condition causing reduced vision, for which programmes of whole population child vision screening exist throughout the world. There is an ongoing debate about the value of screening due to the lack of evidence about meaningful functional impacts of amblyopia. Our objective was to determine whether amblyopia is associated with school readiness and early cognitive performance. METHODS AND FINDINGS Data from the prospective Millennium Cohort Study of chi...
Last. Ian Simmons(Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust)H-Index: 5
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Objective To provide a systematic approach to the child with a new squint. Method Review of the current available literature. Conclusion Squint is a common presentation in the paediatric population. Although the parents’ primary concern may be cosmetic, a new squint in childhood may be the first sign of a serious or life-threatening ocular or neurological pathology. Thorough assessment and timely referral are essential.
#1Gareth Lingham(UWA: University of Western Australia)H-Index: 5
#2David A. Mackey(UWA: University of Western Australia)H-Index: 82
Last. Seyhan Yazar(UWA: University of Western Australia)H-Index: 26
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Abstract Purpose To report the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia in a young adult population at a single center in Australia and to investigate the underlying prenatal and early-life risk factors. Methods Participants in the Raine Study have been followed from mid-gestation (n = 2,868 newborns) to young adulthood. At age 20 years, 1,344 participants had a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity and a detailed orthoptic assessment. Risk factors were determined ...
Abstract Purpose This study investigates the prevalence of manifest strabismus and its subtypes in adulthood and analyses risk factors. The impact of strabismus on vision-related quality of life in the general population is examined. Design The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, observational cohort study. A cross-sectional analysis of the baseline examination was conducted. Study subjects Participants at an age from 35 to 74 years were included (n=15,010). Methods All participa...
Purpose To describe the prevalence, ocular characteristics, and associated risk factors of moderate to high hyperopia in early childhood. Design Pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based studies. Participants Six- to 72-month-old multiethnic children who participated in 4 population-based studies of pediatric eye diseases. Methods The pooled studies conducted comparable parental interviews and ocular examinations including cycloplegic autorefraction. Presence of hypero...