The eye is considered to be one of the most sensitive organs to sulfur mustard [bis(2‐chloroethyl) sulfide (SM)], with injuries ranging from mild conjunctivitis to advanced corneal disease. Even mild ocular involvement from sulfur mustard exposure can result in both physical and psychological incapacitation. In this study we explored the use of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications (prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension, triamcinolone, and cefazolin) as ocular treatments for sulfur mustard injury. Female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into a SM positive control group (n = 8) and a single treatment group (n = 7). At 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after SM exposure, two drops of prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension was administered to each treatment group rabbit while the control group received saline drops. At 120 min after SM exposure, each treatment group animal received a single 1.0 mL sub‐Tenon's injection containing 20 mg triamcinolone and 50 mg cefazolin. Control...
#1Adina Amir(Israel Institute for Biological Research)H-Index: 16
#2J. Turetz(Israel Institute for Biological Research)H-Index: 7
Last. Tamar Kadar(Israel Institute for Biological Research)H-Index: 26
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Ocular injuries following sulfur mustard (HD) exposure are characterized by an inflammatory response, observed as eyelid swelling, conjunctivitis, corneal oedema and cellular infiltration starting 1-4 h after exposure, depending on dose. These effects heal partially during the first 1-2 weeks after exposure, with the later appearance of neovascularization, recurrent erosions and recurrent oedema of the cornea (delayed response). We have shown previously that topically applied steroid treatment, ...
Sulfur mustard has been used as a vesicant chemical warfare agent. To investigate the ocular damage it causes, we studied the effects on chemical casualties in the Iran-Iraq War. The patient population consisted of more than 5,000 chemical casualties, both military and civilian. The range of ocular damage was wide. The most common ocular effects were conjunctivitis and photophobia. Patients with significant corneal involvement are at risk for corneal ulceration and rarely for anterior chamber sc...
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of corticosteroids in managing subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. The cases of eighteen patients with histoplasmosis-related subfoveal CNV treated with corticosteroids were reviewed. Ten patients received oral prednisone for 4 to 6 weeks, and eight received a single sub-Tenon's injection of triamcinalone. Visual acuity outcomes were analyzed along with side effect profi...
#2Van Tao Tran(UNIL: University of Lausanne)H-Index: 7
Last. Carl P. Herbort(UNIL: University of Lausanne)H-Index: 46
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PURPOSE: Posterior sub-Tenon's steroid injections (PSTSI) are a standard drug delivery method used for the treatment of chronic uveitis of the posterior segment. The aim of this study was to analyse the indications, efficacy and complications of PSTSI in the treatment of chronic uveitis. METHODS: During the period 1990-1994, 53 (9.5%) of 558 patients (58 eyes) followed up in the uveitis clinic received a total of 162 PSTSI of triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg in the superior quadrants. Indications f...
Purpose This is the first study reported in the United Kingdom to investigate the efficacy and safety of posterior, sub-Tenon's triamcinolone acetonide injections in the treatment of posterior and intermediate uveitis. Methods Twenty-eight posterior sub-Tenon's triamcinolone injections (40 mg) were given and the results analysed with a 6 month prospective follow-up in 13 cases. Results At 6 weeks follow-up, objective improvement in visual acuity occurred in 25 eyes (p < 0.05). Vitreous cellular ...
The integrity of the corneal epithelium is, among other factors, dependent on the function of corneal stem cells which serve as proliferative reserve. The concept that corneal stem cells are located in the basal limbal epithelium has been further strengthened by experimental evidence. Furthermore, the usefulness of surgical treatment for bilateral stem cell malfunction by means of limbal allograft transplantation has been confirmed. The field of growth factor interactions has further been expand...
Last. Michael Belkin(TAU: Tel Aviv University)H-Index: 71
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Abstract Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent which was widely used during World War I and more recently in conflicts in the Middle East. This highly toxic compound causes severe dermal, gastrointestinal, respiratory and ocular injuries. It acts as an alkylating agent that induces structural changes and, hence, destruction of nucleic acids and proteins, impairing the cell's normal homeostasis and eventually causing its death. Sulfur mustard reacts rapidly with ocular tissues, and after a l...
BACKGROUND: Measurement of corneal angiogenesis is useful for quantitating the effects of angiogenic stimuli and for evaluating the efficacy of potential inhibitors of neovascularization. Because accurate methods to record the entire pattern of corneal neovascularization over time in individual living animals do not exist, we have developed a noninvasive method to achieve this goal. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The technique couples video data acquisition methods with computerized analysis of the video ...
• A retrospective review of all emergency department visits to a combat support hospital (one of four combining to support 150 000 troops) during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm was conducted, and all medical records of patients with ocular complaints were analyzed. Ocular injury and/or disease accounted for 14% (108/767) of these visits to the emergency department. Of 108 patients with ocular complaints, corneal foreign bodies (18), ocular burns (14), and traumatic iritis (eight) were...
Last. Amirhossein Sahebkar(MUMS: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences)H-Index: 104
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Sulfur mustard (SM) as an alkylating and vesicating agent was used for 100 years as a chemical weapon. SM as bi-functional mustard can attacks and alkylates lots of biomolecules. Different cellular mechanism and molecular pathways are responsible for damages to body tissues. Such as DNA damages, oxidative stress, Apoptosis and inflammation. Sulfur mustard penetrated body organs and induces long term eye, skin, lung, gastrointestinal, urogenital damages and can cause carcinogenic and mutagenic co...
Abstract Purpose: To present a survey of the features of published slit lamp-based scoring systems and their applicability in the context of modern ocular toxicology and drug development. Methods: References describing original or modified slit lamp-based scoring systems for human or veterinary clinical patients or in investigative or toxicologic research were collected following a comprehensive literature review using textbooks and online publication searches. Each system's indications and feat...
#1Patrick M. McNutt(United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense)H-Index: 17
#2Megan E Lyman(United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense)H-Index: 7
Last. Tracey A. Hamilton(United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense)H-Index: 16
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A subset of victims of ocular sulfur mustard (SM) exposure develops an irreversible, idiotypic keratitis with associated secondary pathologies, collectively referred to as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK). MGK involves a progressive corneal degeneration resulting in chronic ocular discomfort and impaired vision for which clinical interventions have typically had poor outcomes. Using a rabbit corneal vapor exposure model, we previously demonstrated a clinical progression with acute and chronic seque...
PURPOSE: Sulfur mustard (SM) exposure results in dose-dependent morbidities caused by cytotoxicity and vesication. Although lesions resulting from ocular exposure often resolve clinically, an idiopathic delayed mustard gas keratopathy (MGK) can develop after a moderate or severe exposure. Sequelae include persistent keratitis, recurring epithelial lesions, corneal neovascularization, and corneal degeneration, which can lead to impaired vision or loss of sight. The purpose of this effort is to co...
Abstract Purpose: The goals of this study were (1) to compare the injury at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of rabbit corneal organ cultures exposed to half mustard (2 chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, CEES) and nitrogen mustard with that of in vivo rabbit eyes exposed to sulfur mustard (SM); (2) to test the efficacy of 4 tetracycline derivatives in attenuating vesicant-induced BMZ disruption in the 24-h period postexposure; and (3) to use the most effective tetracycline derivative to compare the impr...
#1Denise Milhorn(United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command)H-Index: 3
#2Tracey A. Hamilton(United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense)H-Index: 16
Last. Patrick M. McNutt(United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense)H-Index: 17
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Exposure of tissues to sulfur mustard (SM) results in the formation of protein and nucleotide adducts that disrupt cellular metabolism and cause cell death. Subsequent pathologies involve a significant proinflammatory response, disrupted healing, and long-term defects in tissue architecture. Following ocular exposure, acute corneal sequelae include epithelial erosions, necrosis, and corneal inflammation. Longer term, a progressive injury becomes distributed throughout the anterior chamber, which...
Abstract For the past 15 years the international research community has conducted a basic and applied research program aimed at identifying a medical countermeasure against chemical threat vesicant, or blistering, agents. The primary emphasis of this program has been the development of therapeutic protection against sulfur mustard and its cutaneous pathology—blister formation. In addition to the work on a medical countermeasures, significant research has been conducted on the development of topi...
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the consequences of sulfur mustard (SM) exposure to the eyes and their treatments. Corneal SM exposure causes injuries that range from mild conjunctivitis to advanced corneal disease. As a warfare agent, SM is extremely effective because even mild ocular exposure causes some visual incapacitation and a panic and fear of blindness whose psychological impact cannot be underestimated. As for clinical symptoms, extensive military data have documented that the...