Hedgehog signaling is involved in the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Nonunion is a serious complication of a bone fracture that may occur in any bone of the skeletal system. It occurs when a broken bone fails to heal. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based tissue engineering technology has been considered an efficient method to improve the healing rate of nonunions. Although previous studies have demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is highly capable of promoting the osteogenic differentiation of...