Evaluation of metabolomic profiling against renal toxicity in Sprague–Dawley rats treated with melamine and cyanuric acid

Melamine-induced renal toxicity is associated with crystal formation in the kidney following exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid. However, metabolomic profiling of intact kidney tissue after chronic intake of melamine and cyanuric acid (M + CA) mixtures has rarely been studied. The present study investigated the melamine-induced renal toxicity by determining metabolites in the kidney through [1H]nuclear magnetic resonance. Melamine (63 mg/kg)...