Low- versus High-Baseline Epinephrine Output Shapes Opposite Innate Cytokine Profiles: Presence of Lewis- and Fischer-Like Neurohormonal Immune Phenotypes in Humans?

Immunogenetic mechanisms operating within the immune system are known to influence cytokine profiles and disease susceptibility. Yet the role of the individual's neurohormonal background in these processes remains undefined. Hormonal imbalances are documented in immune-related diseases, but it is unclear whether this represents a secondary phenomenon or a primary "defect" related to specific neurohormonal immune phenotype(s). We report that in a...