Sink (geography)

Work (physics)

Circular economy

Greenhouse gas

Carbon dioxide

Biology

Financial economics

Futures contract

Biomass (ecology)

Macroeconomics

Engineering

Economics

Geography

Raw material

Natural resource economics

Ecology

Carbon sequestration

Production (economics)

Cartography

Environmental science

Mechanical engineering

Nature

Plastics show the strongest production growth of all bulk materials and are already responsible for 4.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions1,2. If no new policies are implemented, we project a doubling of global plastic demand by 2050 and more than a tripling by 2100, with an almost equivalent increase in CO2 emissions. Here we analyse three alternative CO2 emission-mitigation pathways for the global plastics sector until 2100, covering the entire life cycle from production to waste management. Our results show that, through bio-based carbon sequestration in plastic products, a combination of biomass use and landfilling can achieve negative emissions in the long term; however, this involves continued reliance on primary feedstock. A circular economy approach without an additional bioeconomy push reduces resource consumption by 30% and achieves 10% greater emission reductions before 2050 while reducing the potential of negative emissions in the long term. A circular bioeconomy approach combining recycling with higher biomass use could ultimately turn the sector into a net carbon sink, while at the same time phasing out landfilling and reducing resource consumption. Our work improves the representation of material flows and the circular economy in global energy and emission models, and provides insight into long-term dynamics in the plastics sector. Three alternative CO2 emission-mitigation pathways were analysed for the global plastics sector, covering their production to waste management.&nbsp;A circular bioeconomy strategy could achieve negative emissions in the long&nbsp;term, while at the same time allowing&nbsp;landfilling to be phased out&nbsp;and reducing resource consumption.

Plastic futures and their CO2 emissions