Composite number

Capacitance

Pyrolysis

Electrochemistry

Materials science

Carbon fibers

Inorganic chemistry

Physical chemistry

Supercapacitor

Heteroatom

Nanotechnology

Organic chemistry

Thiophene

Doping

Composite material

Chemistry

Electrode

Optoelectronics

Ring (chemistry)

Journal of Energy Storage

Heteroatoms-doped (N, P, S, O) carbon materials used as electrodes can significantly enhance the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors. Heteroatom doping contributes to enhancing pseudo-capacitance, increasing electrical conductivity, improving wettability and promoting metal ion reversible storage capacity and rate capability. The structural nitrogen usually includes pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, quaternary N (graphitic N) and pyridine N-oxide. Pyrrolic N and pyridinic N enhance the pseudo-capacitance. Graphitic N accelerates the transference of electrons. P can introduce O atoms by forming CPO, COP, C3PO, C3P and other groups. S often exists in the edge region or defect site of carbon plane in the form of thiophene and oxidized sulfur species SOx. O exists mainly in the form of COC, COOH, CO, COH, and other bonds in the carbon skeleton. The synthetic strategies of heteroatoms-doped carbon materials mainly include pyrolysis, chemical activation, and template strategy. This paper intensively summarizes the mechanism of N, P, S and O doping on the performance of heteroatoms-doped carbon materials for supercapacitors. Furthermore, recent progress in the synthetic strategies of heteroatoms-doped carbon materials for supercapacitors is reviewed. Additionally, future developments and directions on heteroatoms-doped carbon materials for supercapacitors have been provided.

Progress of synthetic strategies and properties of heteroatoms-doped (N, P, S, O) carbon materials for supercapacitors